Noncarbonate hardness is defined as

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Multiple Choice

Noncarbonate hardness is defined as

Explanation:
Noncarbonate hardness is the part of total hardness that cannot be removed by boiling, so it is defined as the portion of total hardness in excess of the alkalinity. Alkalinity provides the buffering capacity from bicarbonate and carbonate species, which relates to the portion of hardness that can be precipitated as calcium carbonate when heated. Therefore, the remaining hardness after accounting for alkalinity—the noncarbonate (permanent) portion—equals total hardness minus alkalinity. If alkalinity is equal to or greater than total hardness, there is no noncarbonate hardness.

Noncarbonate hardness is the part of total hardness that cannot be removed by boiling, so it is defined as the portion of total hardness in excess of the alkalinity. Alkalinity provides the buffering capacity from bicarbonate and carbonate species, which relates to the portion of hardness that can be precipitated as calcium carbonate when heated. Therefore, the remaining hardness after accounting for alkalinity—the noncarbonate (permanent) portion—equals total hardness minus alkalinity. If alkalinity is equal to or greater than total hardness, there is no noncarbonate hardness.

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